Geological surveys involve the study and mapping of the Earth's surface to understand the composition, structure, and history of rocks, minerals, and natural resources. These surveys are conducted by geologists and other scientists to gather data on geological features such as rock formations, faults, and mineral deposits. The information gathered from geological surveys is used to assess environmental hazards, plan construction projects, locate natural resources, and understand the geological history of a region. Geological surveys are essential for making informed decisions about land use, resource management, and environmental protection.